Plate 0.6 · Phase 0 — Ground Floor · 20 minutes · Final module of Phase 0
Domains, hosting and DNS in plain language
This is the module that stops you being overcharged. The three things below get sold as one bundle by companies that would rather you didn't know they're separate — and two of the three are usually free.
Warm-up · from Module 0.5Name one requirement that genuinely forces a native app instead of a web app.
Any of: tracking location in the background while the app is closed; Bluetooth, NFC or USB on iPhone; needing an App Store or Play Store listing; console-grade 3D graphics. Looking "professional" is not one of them.
Three purchases people think are one
A small business in Austin decides to go online. They call a web company and are quoted $1,800 up front plus $45 a month "for the website". Nobody explains what the $45 buys. Here is what is actually being sold.
Opening a business on Main Street
- The street address
- "412 Congress Avenue." You don't own it — the city records that it's yours, and you keep that claim current.
- The building
- The physical place your inventory sits in. Somebody has to keep the lights on and the doors open around the clock.
- The directory
- The listing that tells a stranger which building "412 Congress Avenue" actually is. Change buildings and you update the listing.
Putting a site on the internet
- The domain
yourbusiness.com. Rented yearly from a registrar. Nobody owns a domain; you hold it as long as you keep paying.- The hosting
- The always-on computer holding your files — the kitchen from Module 0.1. For everything you build in Phases 1 and 2, this is genuinely free.
- DNS
- The internet's directory: turns
yourbusiness.cominto the number of the machine serving it. Step 2 of the round trip.
Three separate things, from three companies if you like. Bundle them at one provider for convenience if you want — but know you are choosing to, not obliged to.
The domain: you are renting a name
You buy a domain from a registrar — Cloudflare, Porkbun, Namecheap and GoDaddy are the common ones — and you pay every year, forever. Miss the renewal and it goes back on the market, where someone else may take it. That is the single most expensive mistake in this module, and it is entirely preventable: turn on auto-renew the day you buy.
| What you'll see at checkout | What it means | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| $0.99 first year | A loss-leader. The renewal, in twelve months, may be $22 or more. | Read the renewal price. That's the real price. |
| .com vs .io vs .shop | The ending is the category or country. .com is still what people type and mistype toward. | Take .com if you can. Otherwise .co, .org, or your state or country ending. |
| WHOIS / domain privacy — $9.99 | Hides your name and address from the public registration record. | Decline. Most good registrars include it free; if yours charges, that tells you something. |
| "SSL certificate — $79/yr" | The padlock. A certificate is a digital ID card that proves the site really is yours and switches on the secure connection. It has been free and automatic for years. | Never pay for this for a normal website. |
| "Website builder — $14.99/mo" | A drag-and-drop editor you don't need, because you're learning to build. | Decline everything except the domain itself. |
If a designer or agency registers the domain "for you" on their own account, they control your business's address. When the relationship ends — and relationships end — you are negotiating for your own name. Register it yourself, on your own card, in your own account, then add them as a user if they need access. This has ruined more small businesses' web presence than any technical failure.
The hosting: where your files actually sit
Hosting is renting space on a computer that never sleeps. There are four kinds, and knowing which is which is how you avoid paying for a tractor to carry a lunchbox.
| Kind | Who it's for | Typical names | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Static hosting | Everything you build in Phases 1–2, and most business sites. Your files are copied to servers worldwide and handed out fast. | Netlify, Cloudflare Pages, GitHub Pages, Vercel | Free on today's plans, at the scale you'll be at. (Vercel's free plan is for personal, non-commercial projects; for a client's business site, use Netlify or Cloudflare Pages.) |
| Application hosting | Phase 7, when you have code and a database running on the server side. | Render, Railway, Fly.io, Vercel | Some have a small free tier (Render does); most start around $5–$25/mo |
| Shared hosting | The old model most local web shops still sell. One machine split between hundreds of sites. | Bluehost, HostGator, cPanel resellers | $5–$15/mo — usually money you needn't spend |
| VPS / cloud | When you need control over the machine itself. Not yet. | DigitalOcean, Hetzner, AWS | $5–$50+/mo, and you maintain it |
Read the first row again. Every static site in this manual — your portfolio, a client's restaurant site, a landing page — can be hosted free on today's plans, on infrastructure faster than what that $45 a month was buying. You'll do it yourself in Module 5.6, and it takes under ten minutes.
DNS: the directory in the middle
You own a name. You have a building. DNS is the paperwork that connects them, and it's a short list of records. Click each one.
Six DNS ideas. DNS is the directory in the middle of the round trip.
| Type | What it does | Looks like |
|---|---|---|
| A record | Points a name directly at a numeric address. | yourbusiness.com to 203.0.113.42 |
| CNAME | Points a name at another name and follows it. If the host moves, you change nothing. | www.yourbusiness.com to your-site.netlify.app |
| MX record | Says which servers receive email. Unrelated to the website. | Mail at Google Workspace, site at Netlify |
| TXT record | A note other systems read: proves ownership, lists who may send mail as you. | A string a service asks you to paste in |
| Nameservers | Names whose records count as the truth for the domain. | Point the registrar at Cloudflare and manage all records there |
| TTL | Seconds a cached copy may be kept. Why changes are not instant. | 3600 means good for an hour; 300 means five minutes |
Lower the TTL the day before a move and the switch takes minutes. You add your first A record or CNAME in Module 5.6.
Every DNS record carries a TTL — a number of seconds that others may keep a copy before checking again. So when you change a record, the world updates gradually as each cached copy expires: usually minutes, occasionally up to 48 hours. Think of phone books already printed and delivered: the new listing is filed, but the old books stay on kitchen counters until they're replaced. Nothing is broken. Lower the TTL a day before a planned move and the switch is nearly instant.
Idea to live website: the actual sequence
- Build the site. Phases 1 and 2. This is the part that takes real time — and you don't need a domain to do it.
- Deploy it to a static host. It gives you a working address immediately, something like
your-site.netlify.app. Your site is now live on the internet, for free, without a domain at all. - Register the domain once you have something worth pointing it at — at a registrar, in your own name, with auto-renew on. Two minutes.
- Point the domain at it. In your registrar's DNS panel, add the record the host tells you to add — usually a CNAME for
wwwand an A record for the bare name. - Wait. Minutes, usually. Meanwhile the host requests a free HTTPS certificate for your domain and installs it. You do nothing.
- Done. Every future change: save the file, push it, and the live site updates itself in about a minute. That's Module 5.6.
Two things a domain does not include
Email. Owning yourbusiness.com does not give you jagon@yourbusiness.com. Mail is a separate service, connected by MX records. Google Workspace Business Starter is $7 per user per month on annual billing ($8.40 month-to-month); Fastmail, Zoho and Proton are cheaper. A free middle path many people miss: most registrars will forward jagon@yourbusiness.com to an existing Gmail address at no cost, which is often all a small business needs.
Anyone visiting. A domain is an address, not an audience. Getting found is Module 1.5 (structure search engines can read), Module 8.2 (speed, which affects ranking), and a great deal of work that isn't code.
What it honestly costs
Pick what you're building. These are real 2026 numbers, not a sales page's numbers.
What it honestly costs. Real 2026 numbers for three kinds of project.
| Item | Portfolio or small site | Business site with email | Web app with accounts |
|---|---|---|---|
| Domain | $12 a year | $12 a year | $12 a year |
| Hosting | $0 (free static tier) | $0 (free static tier) | $0 while learning, then about $20 a month |
| Database | Not needed | Not needed | $0 while learning, then about $25 a month |
| HTTPS certificate | $0, automatic | $0, automatic | $0, automatic |
| $0 (forward to Gmail) | $84 a year per person | $84 a year per person, optional | |
| Total | About $12 a year | About $96 a year, one mailbox | $12 learning; roughly $550 to $650 in production |
The website itself stays cheap. Email and a real server are what raise the bill, and you pay nothing for infrastructure until real people use it.
The Austin business was quoted $1,800 plus $45 a month — $2,340 in year one, $540 every year after. The site they need costs about $12 a year to run. The difference is the work of building it, which is a fair thing to charge for; the ongoing $45 mostly is not. Knowing which is which is the difference between charging honestly and being charged dishonestly.
Three things beginners get wrong
1. Buying hosting before there's anything to host. You do not need hosting to learn. Everything in Phases 1 through 4 runs from a folder on your own machine. Buy a domain when you have something to put on it.
2. Assuming the bundle is the deal. Registrar, host and DNS at one company is convenient, not cheaper. Free static hosting plus a $12 domain beats almost every "all-in-one" package on both price and speed.
3. Letting someone else hold the keys. The domain, the host account and the DNS should all be in accounts you can log into. If you can't log in, you don't control your website — no matter what the invoice says.
Words you now own
- domain
- The rented name people type. Yours while you keep paying.
- registrar
- The company you rent the domain through.
- TLD
- The ending:
.com,.org,.io,.us. - hosting
- Rented space on an always-on computer that serves your files.
- static hosting
- Hosting for files that don't change per visitor. Free at your scale.
- A record
- Points a name straight at a numeric IP address.
- CNAME
- Points a name at another name, and follows wherever that one goes.
- MX record
- Says which mail servers handle email for the domain.
- nameservers
- Which company's DNS records are the authoritative ones for your domain.
- TTL / propagation
- How long others may cache a record — why changes take a while to be seen everywhere.
Six questions. Four correct to finish Phase 0.
Six modules ago you couldn't have said what happens when you press Enter in the address bar. You can now describe the round trip, name the three languages and tell instantly which one is at fault, write a path from any file to any other, work in a professional editor and its debugger, advise someone on what they should actually build, and read a hosting invoice without being taken.
You didn't have to take anyone's word for it, either. You opened the page, looked underneath and saw it for yourself.
That is the whole foundation, and you have it before writing a single line of code — which is exactly the right order. Phase 1 starts with a blank file and ends with a real, well-built page of your own — which goes live on the internet in Module 5.6.